HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF MATHEMATICS EDUCATION IN KAZAKHSTAN: FROM THE MIDDLE AGES TO INDEPENDENCE

Abstract

Abstract. Over the past three centuries, Kazakhstan has been part of various states. It was initially a part of the Russian Empire; from 1920 to 1991, it was among the republics that formed the Soviet Union; and since 1992, it has existed as an independent country. In this context, it is important for the public of Kazakhstan to understand how mathematics was taught to the population at different stages of historical development.

The subject of this study is the historical evolution of mathematics education in Kazakhstan from the Middle Ages to the present day. The main focus is on the teaching of mathematics in national schools. This study represents the first research conducted in this direction; its scientific and methodological significance is undeniable, and it also has practical value for specialists in the field of mathematics education.

The primary attention is devoted to the study of literary sources and materials from state archives. Since many authors were subjected to repression in the 1940s, their works were removed from libraries and remained inaccessible for a long period. An in-depth methodological and mathematical analysis of these materials was conducted.

During the period of the Russian Empire, the first mathematics textbooks in the Kazakh language were written by S. Gramenitsky (1897) and M. Dulatuly (1914). In the first fifteen years of Soviet rule, mathematics textbooks were authored by mathematicians associated with the national movement “Alash.” However, in 1935, the country transitioned to instruction in the Russian language across schools nationwide, and national schools began using translated Russian textbooks. This policy remained in effect until the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Following the independence of Kazakhstan, all mathematics textbooks in the country began to be published in the Kazakh language. The results of the study, based on authentic archival materials, reveal the actual state of mathematics teaching in the Kazakh language. These materials can be incorporated into modern mathematics textbooks and teaching methodologies, taking into account the importance of the historical evolution of mathematics education among the Kazakh population.

Keywords: mathematics education, historical evolution, textbooks, school, pedagogical university, Bologna process.